Obstetric characteristics of participants The majority, 336 (87%), were single, and the majority, 385 (99.23%), were non-smokers. Regarding educational levels, most participants, 254 (65%), had secondary education, and only a few participants 14 (4%) had no formal education. The study results show that the majority of the participants, 346 (89%), were from a rural area, and very few 16 (4%) were from a semi-urban area. Furthermore, the majority, 331 (85%), were unemployed. The majority, 378 (97%), were Namibian and 10 (3%) were Angolan. Most participants 290 (75%) were from the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (ELCIN), and fewer participants, 6 (2%), were from revival churches. On parity, most participants, 148 (38%), were multiparous, followed by 133 (34%) nulliparous, 71 (18%) were primiparous and 36 (9%) were grand multiparous.

The majority of the participants were multigravida, 191 (49%), followed by primigravida, 124 (32%), while grand multigravida were 73 (19%). Furthermore, participants above 35 years were 84 (21.6%). The majority of the participants, 227 (58.6%), were aged between 21 to 34 years, and fewer participants 77 (19.8%) were less than 20 years old.

The mean age was 29 years and the maximum was 36 years.